Astron. Astrophys. 359, 821-842 (2000)

Multiplicity functions and X-ray emission of clusters and groups versus galaxies and quasars

P. Valageas and R. Schaeffer

Service de Physique Théorique, CEN Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Received 17 September 1999 / Accepted 26 April 2000

Abstract

We use a unified analytical formulation - developed in previous papers - for the multiplicity functions of clusters and galaxies. This method is free from the cloud-in-cloud problem encountered in earlier approaches and well adapted to the description of the non-linear clustering features. It is especially suited to simultane ously describe rich clusters, groups and galaxies, consistently with the hierarchical picture of gravitational clustering, as well as their evolution in time. We find a good agreement with observations for the cluster temperature function and we compare our method with the standard Press-Schechter prescription. We also obtain the main properties of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (mean and variance). Then, using a simple model for the cluster X-ray luminosity (taking into account entropy considerations), w e obtain the X-ray luminosity distribution of groups and clusters.

Then, using the same formalism we derive the galaxy and quasar multiplicity functions. In particular, we show that the use of the standard Press-Schechter prescription leads to erroneous conclusions at low redshifts while our approach provides a reasonable agreement with observations in a natural fashion because it is able to distinguish galactic halos from groups or clusters. Finally, we derive the contribution of quasars and galaxies to the X-ray counts. Thus, we obtain a global and consistent picture of the X-ray emissions from all structures . In particular, we show that future observations (e.g., from AXAF) could provide interesting information on galaxy evolution. Indeed, they will constrain the importance of a possible hot diffuse gaseous phase in galactic halos and they could reveal massive galaxies which are just being formed, through the X-ray emission of their cooling gas.

Key words: galaxies: clusters: general galaxies: evolution galaxies: luminosity function, mass function galaxies: quasars: general cosmology: large-scale structure of Universe cosmology: cosmic microwave background

This article contains no SIMBAD objects.

Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Multiplicity functions
  • 2.1. Formalism
  • 2.2. Evolution with redshift of the cluster mass function
  • 2.3. Counts along the line of sight
• 3. Cluster temperature function
  • 3.1. Characteristic temperature of the halos
  • 3.2. Evolution with redshift of the temperature function
• 4. Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
• 5. Evolution of the X-ray luminosity function
  • 5.1. The temperature-luminosity relation
    • 5.1.1. Breaking the simple scale-invariance
    • 5.1.2. Density profiles of the gas and of the dark matter
    • 5.1.3. Cooling radius
    • 5.1.4. Evolution of the temperature - X-ray luminosity relation
  • 5.2. Luminosity function
• 6. Galaxies and quasars versus groups and clusters
  • 6.1. Galaxy X-ray luminosity function
    • 6.1.1. Galaxy multiplicity function
    • 6.1.2. Galaxy X-ray emission
  • 6.2. Quasar X-ray luminosity function
    • 6.2.1. Quasar multiplicity function
    • 6.2.2. Quasar X-ray emission
  • 6.3. Galaxy and quasar versus group and cluster counts
• 7. Summary and conclusion
• References

© European Southern Observatory (ESO) 2000

Online publication: July 13, 2000
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