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Astron. Astrophys. 334, 409-419 (1998) 2. Formalism for an individual moving structureOne of the first studies of the photon-gravitational potential well
interactions is related to the Sachs-Wolfe effect (Sachs & Wolfe
1967). At the recombination time ( Other authors have investigated the effect of time varying potentials on the CMB photons after the recombination, namely the Rees-Sciama effect (Rees & Sciama 1968). If the potential well crossed by the photons evolves between the time they enter and their exit, the extra-time delay they suffer changes the temperature of the CMB and induces an additional anisotropy. The variation of the potential well can have an "intrinsic" or a "kinetic" origin. The first case describes the evolution with respect to the background density distribution. The second case is related to the bulk motion of a gravitational potential well across the line of sight which mimics a time variation of the potential. Photons crossing the leading edge of a structure will be redshifted because of the increasing depth of the potential well during their crossing time; while photons crossing the trailing edge of the same structure are blueshifted. This results in a characteristic spatial signature for the induced anisotropy: a hot-cold temperature spot. The specific effect of a moving cluster across the sky was first studied by Birkinshaw & Gull (1983) (correction to this paper was made in Birkinshaw 1989) and it was invoked as a method to measure the transverse velocity of massive clusters of galaxies. These authors found that the transverse motion of a cluster across the line of sight induces a frequency shift given by: Here, In our paper, we basically follow the same formalism as Birkinshaw
& Gull's using the corrected expression from Birkinshaw 1989. We
compute the gravitational deflection angle at the impact parameter
The main difference between our approach in this section and the previous work concerns the physical hypothesis that we adopt to describe the distribution of matter in the structures. In fact, in order to derive the deflection angle, we find the homogeneous isothermal distribution a too simple and rather unrealistic hypothesis and choose another more realistic description. For the structures such as those we are interested in (clusters down to small groups), almost all the mass is "made" of dark matter. In order to study the gravitational lensing of a structure properly, one has to model the gravitational potential well using the best possible knowledge for the dark matter distribution. The corrections, due to the more accurate profile distribution that we introduce, will not alter the maximum amplitude of an individual moving lens effect since it is associated with the central part of the lens. However, when dealing with some average signal coming from these secondary anisotropies, the contribution from the outskirts of the structures appears important and thus a detailed model of the matter profile is needed. In view of the numerous recent studies on the formation of dark matter halos, which are the formation sites for the individual structures such as clusters of galaxies, we now have a rather precise idea of their formation and density profiles. Specifically, the results of Navarro, Frenk & White (1996, 1997) are particularly important. In fact, these authors have used N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark matter halos in hierarchical cosmogonies; their results put stringent constraints on the dark matter profiles. Over about four orders of magnitudes in mass (ranging from the masses of dwarf galaxy halos to those of rich clusters of galaxies), they found that the density profiles can be fitted over two decades in radius by a "universal" law (hereafter NFW profile) which seems to be the best description of the structure of dark matter halos (Huss, Jain & Steinmetz 1997). The NFW profile is given by: where In addition to the fact that the shape is independent of the halo
mass over a wide range, the NFW profile is also independent of the
cosmological model. The cosmological model intervenes essentially in
the formation epoch of the dark matter halo and therefore in the
parameters of the profile, namely c, Using the density profile, one can compute the deflection angle at the impact parameter which gives the shape of the pattern and the amplitude of the induced secondary anisotropy. In our work, we compute the deflection angle following the formalism of Blandford & Kochanek (1987), which is given by the expression: here, the integral is performed over the length element dl
along the line of sight. The fitted profile leads to a diverging mass at large radii and we
therefore introduce a cut-off radius Given the peculiar velocity of the structure and its density
profile, we can calculate the deflection angle (Eq. 3). Then one can
determine the relative variation in frequency, ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() © European Southern Observatory (ESO) 1998 Online publication: May 15, 1998 ![]() |